Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Apr 20:1-15. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-26942-1. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

China has announced a target of achieving carbon peaking by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. Therefore, it is important to assess the economic impacts and emission reduction effects of China’s low-carbon policies. In this paper, a multi-agent dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model is established. We analyze the effects of carbon tax and carbon cap-and-trade policies under both deterministic and stochastic conditions, as well as their ability to cope with stochastic shocks. We found that (1) from a deterministic perspective, these two policies have the same effect. Every 1% cut in CO2 emissions will bring a 0.12% output loss, a 0.5% drop in demand for fossil fuels, and a 0.05% rise in demand for renewable energy; (2) from a stochastic perspective, effects of these two policies are different. This is mainly because economic uncertainty does not change the cost of CO2 emissions under a carbon tax policy, but it does change the price of CO2 quotas and the emission reduction behaviors under a carbon cap-and-trade policy; (3) from an economic volatility perspective, both two policies can act as automatic stabilizers. Compared to a carbon tax, a cap-and-trade policy can better ease economic fluctuations. The results of this study provide implications for policy-making.

PMID:37079231 | PMC:PMC10116111 | DOI:10.1007/s11356-023-26942-1